Passive Voice

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Passive Voice

            Passive voice atau kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Inggris dibentuk dengan rumus utama to be + verb-3. Penting untuk diperhatikan bahwa passive voice hanya bisa dibentuk dari transitive verb (kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek).

Active and Passive Voice

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif John bites Mary John doesn’t bite Mary Does John bite Mary? What does John do? Who bites Mary? Who does John bite?

Pasif Mary is bitten by John Mary isn’t bitten by John Is Mary bitten by John? What is done by John? Who is Mary bitten by? Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif John is biting Mary John isn’t biting Mary Is John biting Mary? What is John doing? Who is biting Mary? Who is John biting?

Pasif Mary is being bitten by John Mary isn’t being bitten by John Is Mary being bitten by John? What is being done by John? Who is Mary being bitten by? Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif John has bitten Mary John hasn’t bitten Mary Has John bitten Mary? What has John done? Who has bitten Mary? Who has John bitten?

Pasif Mary has been bitten by John Mary hasn’t been bitten by John Has Mary been bitten by John? What has been done by John? Who has Mary been bitten by? Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif John has been biting Mary John hasn’t been biting Mary Has John been biting Mary? What has John been doing? Who has been biting Mary? Who has John been biting?

Pasif Mary has been being bitten by John Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John Has Mary been being bitten by John? What has been being done by John? Who has Mary been being bitten by? Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif John bit Mary John didn’t bite Mary Did John bite Mary? What did John do? Who bit Mary? Who did John bite?

Pasif Mary was bitten by John Mary wasn’t bitten by John Was Mary bitten by John? What was done by John? Who was Mary bitten by? Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif John was biting Mary John wasn’t biting Mary Was John biting Mary? What was John doing? Who was biting Mary? Who was John biting?

Pasif Mary was being bitten by John Mary wasn’t being bitten by John Was Mary being bitten by John? What was being done by John? Who was Mary being bitten by? Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif John had bitten Mary John hadn’t bitten Mary Had John bitten Mary? What had John done? Who had bitten Mary? Who had John bitten?

Pasif Mary had been bitten by John Mary hadn’t been bitten by John Had Mary been bitten by John? What had been done by John? Who had Mary been bitten by? Who had been bitten by John?

Past perfect continuous

Aktif John had been biting Mary John hadn’t been biting Mary Had John been biting Mary? What had John been doing? Who had been biting Mary? Who had John been biting?

Pasif Mary had been being bitten by John Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John Had Mary been being bitten by John? What had been being done by John? Who had Mary been being bitten by? Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif John will bite Mary John won’t bite Mary Will John bite Mary? What will John do? Who will bite Mary? Who will John bite?

Pasif Mary will be bitten by John Mary won’t be bitten by John Will Mary be bitten by John? What will be done by John? Who will Mary be bitten by? Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif John will be biting Mary John won’t be biting Mary Will John be biting Mary? What will John be doing? Who will be biting Mary? Who will John be biting?

Pasif Mary will be being bitten by John Mary won’t be being bitten by John Will Mary be being bitten by John? What will be being done by John? Who will Mary be being bitten by? Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif John will have bitten Mary John won’t have bitten Mary Will John have bitten Mary? What will John have done? Who will have bitten Mary? Who will John have bitten?

Pasif Mary will have been bitten by John Mary won’t have been bitten by John Will Mary have been bitten by John? What will have been done by John? Who will Mary have been bitten by? Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif John will have been biting Mary John won’t have been biting Mary Will John have been biting Mary? What will John have been doing? Who will have been biting Mary? Who will John have been biting?

Pasif Mary will have been being bitten by John Mary won’t have been being bitten by John Will Mary have been being bitten by John? What will have been being done by John? Who will Mary have been being bitten by? Who will have been being bitten by John?

1. Penggunaan passive voice

            Passive voice jarang digunakan dalam bahasa lisan maupun bahasa tulis. Di bawah ini beberapa alasan penggunaan passive voice dalam bahasa inggris.

a.       Digunakan jika pola kalimat passive dirasa lebih baik daripada pola kalimat aktif.

Contoh : Hamlet was writen by shakespeare in about 1602 = lebih baik daripada Shakespeare wrote hamlet in about 1602

b.      Digunakan subjek kalimat itu tidak terlalu penting untuk disebutkan atau tidak ada pelaku secara khusus.

Contoh :

·         The snake has been killed

Siapa yang membunuh ular (snake) bukan hal yang penting

·         The machine has been damaged

Kalimat mesin itu sudah rusak mengindikasikan bahwa mesin itu rusak karena alasan-alasan teknis. (karena sudah tua atau konsleting listrik misalnya)

c.       Digunakan jika pelaku atau subjek kalimat tidak diketahui

Contoh :

·         The jewelery store has been robbed several times

Kalimat toko permata itu telah dirampok beberapa kali mengindikasikan bahwa para perampok belum tertangkap atau belom ditemukan. Sehingga siapa orang yang merampok toko itu belum diketahui secara pasti.

d.      Digunakan bila pelaku atau subjek belum dipahami atau diketahui dari kalimat sebelumnya

Contoh :

·         That tree fell on the car, and the car was damaged (by the fallen tree)

Pohon itu roboh menimpa mobil tersebut, dan mobil itu (di) rusak (oleh pohon yang roboh)

·         Robert kicking Andrew so Andrew wa badly hurt (by Robert)

Robert terus menendang Andrew sehingga Andrew terluka parah (oleh ulah Robert)

2. Beberapa kalimat dan kata kerja verb yang tidak mempunyai kata kerja passive

a.       Intransitive verb (kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan objek)

Contoh :

·         The baby sleeps soundly

Bayi itu tidur dengan nyenyak

·         The rain fell

Hujan turun

·         The sun shone brightly

Matahari bersinar dengan terang

b.      Linking verb ( seperti is, are, become, was, were, seem)

Contoh :

·         They become lectures

Mereka menjadi dosen

·         That was a good idea

Itu tadi baru ide yang bagus

c.       Verb yang menunjukkan ukuran (seperti cost, weight, travell)

Contoh :

·         The box weights 6kg

Kotak itu beratnya 6kg

·         They travelled around the world

Mereka berpergian mengelilingi dunia

·         This cost alot of money

Ini harganya mahal

3. Special case with passive intransitive

a.       Beberapa intransitive verb diikuti oleh preposition dapat diubah menjadi intransitive verb sehingga memiliki pola passive voice

Contoh :

·         Budi laughed at them

(transitive verb (active voice))

Budi menertawai mereka

·         They are laughed at by Budi

transitive verb (passive voice))

mereka ditertawai oleh Budi

b.      Transitive voice mempunyai 2 objek yakni Direct object dan indirect object juga dapat diubah menjadi kalimat passive. Indirect object ialah sasaran dari perbuatan verb seperti give, ask, and lend. Sedangkan direct ialah sesuatu yang diterima oleh indirect object

Contoh :

·         Richard gave Eva an expansive present

Richard memberi eva sebuah hadiah yang mahal.

-          Eva sebagai indirect object dan an expansive present sebagai indirect object

Kalimat diatas dapat diubah menjadi passive voice sebagai berikut :

·         Eva was given an expansive present by Richard

Eva diberi sebuah hadiah yang mahal oleh Richard

Atau

·         An expansive present was given to Eva by Richard

Sebuah hadiah mahal diberikan kepada Eva oleh Richard

Ref :

1. Tutorial writing Bahasa Inggris by M. Solahudin

2. Bussiness Communication by Cynthia Beresford

3. http://kanjengguru.blog.com/materi-grammar/active-and-passive-voice/